Journal of Materials Science Research and Reviews

Magnetic Nanoparticles-Loaded Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Bone Cements for Magnetic Hyperthermia Treatment of Bone Tumors: State-of- the-Art Review

Gladius Lewis *

Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

---

Abstract

Background: Among emerging modalities for the treatment of bone cancers is magnetic hyperthermia treatment (MHT), which, it has been envisaged, will be used as an adjuvant to either of the two well-established ones (surgery and radiotherapy). MHT involves intratumoral or systemic delivery of a suspension of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to the tumor site, and, then, subjecting the site to an externally-generated alternating magnetic field for, typically, 30-60 min. In the recent literature, several shortcomings of MHT have been highlighted, which has led to the proposal of use of a variant of MHT that involves intratumoral injection of a suspension that includes a dough of a MNPs-loaded poly (methyl methacrylate) bone cement (MNPBC) to the site. A review of the literature on MNPBCs is lacking.

Purpose: The present contribution is a comprehensive and critical state-of-the-art review of the literature on MNPBCs.

Methodology: Through an exhaustive search of relevant databases, such as MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and PubMed, articles on MNPBCs published in the English language literature were identified, read, evaluated, and summarized. This allowed many topics to be covered in the present review, among which are characterization of the MNPs used to prepare various formulations of the cement, characterization of the cement formulations, and shortcomings of the literature. The last-mentioned aspect led to recommendations of thirteen topics for future study.

Conclusions: Among the topics recommended for future study are development of a testing standard for determination of in vitro properties of MNPBCs, performance of large-scale parametric studies on an appropriate animal bone tumor model (such as the influence of tumor size, tumor location, shape of the MNPs, and the magnitude and frequency of the applied magnetic field, on various measures of the heat-generation performance of an MNPBC), study of transient heat transfer involved in local MHT, and application of machine learning method(s) to determination of the heat-generation performance of an MNPBC.

Keywords: PMMA bone cement, magnetic hyperthermia

---

---

---

References

Kühn K-D. Bone Cements. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany; 2000.

Jiranek WA, Hanssen AD, Greenwald AS. Antibiotic-loaded bone cement for infection prophylaxis in total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg. 2006;88-A:2487-2500.

Kühn K-D. PMMA Cements. Springer Medizin, Berlin, Germany; 2014.

Lewis G. The properties of acrylic bone cement: state-of-the-art review. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 197;38:155-182.

Ozer D, Er T, Aycan. May bone cement be used to treat benign aggressive bone tumors of the feet with confidence? The Foot. 2014;1-5.

Duan D-K, Zhang G-C, Sun B-J, Ma T-X, Zhao M. Effect evaluation of denosumab combined with cutterage and bone cement reconstruction in the treatment of recurrent giant cell tumor of bone around the knee joint. Eur Rev Med Pharmocolog Sci. 2023;27:5039-5052.

Phull SS, Yazdi AR, Ghert M, Towler MR. Bone cement as a local chemotherapeutic drug delivery carrier in orthopedic oncology: A review. J Bone Oncology 2021;6:100345.

Goldin AN, Healey RM. The effectiveness and mechanical properties of chemotherapy-impregnated cement in Ewing sarcoma. J Orthop Res. 2023;1-7.

Wang G, Cui Y, Liu H, Li S, Sun S, Wu D, et al. Antibacterial peptides-loaded bioactive materials for the treatment of bone infection. Colloid Surf B: Biointerfaces. 2023; 225:113255.

Lewis G. Injectable bone cements for use in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: state-of-the-art review. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater. 2006;76B:456-468.

Quan Q, Gongping X, Ruisi N, Shiwen L. New research progress of modified bone cement applied to vertebroplasty. World Neurosurg. 2023;176:10-18.

Kawashita M. Kawamura K, Li Z. PMMSA-based bone cements containing magnetite particles for hyperthermia. Acta Biomateriala. 2010;6:3187-3192.

Li Z, Kawamura K, Kawashita M, Kudo T-a, Kanetaka H, Hiraoka M. In vitro assessment of poly(methylmethacrylate)-based bone cement containing magnetite nanoparticles for hyperthermia treatment of bone tumor. J Biomed mater Res Part A. 2012;100A:2537-2545.

Tang Z, Wang X, Pan L, Hu Y, Wu Y, Zhang J, Gui S, Kang J, Tang J. Preparation and characterization of PMMA-based cements containing magnetic nanoparticles for the magnetic hyperthermia. Ad Mater Res. 2013;647: 155-159.

Bruno M. Miola M, Bretcanu O, Vitale-Brovarone C, Gerbaldo R, Laviano F. Verne E. Composite bone cements loaded with a bioactive and ferrimagnetic glass-ceramic: Part 1: morphological, mechanical and calorimetric characterization. J Biomater Appl. 2014;29:254-267.

Verne E, Bruno M, Miola M, Maina G, Bianco C, Cocis A, Rimondini L. Composite bone cements loaded with a bioactive and ferrimagnetic glass-ceramic: Leaching, bioactivity and cytocompatibility. Matyer Sci Eng C. 2015:C53:95-103.

Harabech M, Kiselovs NR, Maenhoudt W, Crevecoeur G, Van Roost D, Dupre L. Experimental ex-vivo validation of PMMA-based bone cements with magnetic nanoparticles enabling hyperthermia of metastatic bone tumors. AIP Advances. 2017;7:056704.

Ling Y, Tang X, Wang F, Zhou X, Wang R, Deng L, Shang T, et al. Highly efficient magnetic hyperthermia ablation of tumors using injectable polymethylmethacrylate-Fe3O¬. RSC Adv. 2017:7:2913-2918.

Miola M, Laviano F, Gerbaldo R, Bruno M, Lombardi A, Cochis A, Rimondini L, Verne E. Composite bone cements for hyperthermia: modeling and characterization of magnetic, calorimetric and in vitro heating properties. Ceramics Inter. 2017;43:4831-4840.

Yu K, Liang B, Zheng Y, Exner A, Kolios M, Xu T, Guo D, et al. PMMA-Fe3O4 for internal mechanical support and magnetic thermal ablation of boner tumors. Theranostics. 2019;9:4192-4207.

Kubota M, Yokoi T, Ogawa T, Saito S, Furuya M, Yokota K, Kanetaka H, et al. Setting behaviour, mechanical properties and heat generation under alternate current magnetic fields of Fe3O4/TiO2/ PMMA composite bone cement. Med Devices Sens. 2020;3:e10114.

Kubota M, Yokoi T, Ogawa T, Saito S, Furuya M, Yokota K, Kanetaka H, et al. In-vitro heat-generating and apatite-forming abilities of PMMA bone cement containing TiO2 and Fe3O4. Ceramics International. 2021;47:12292-1299.

Ozdemir F, Evans I, Rankin KS, Bretcanu O. Preliminary evaluation of the in vitro biocompatibility of magnetic bone cement composites. Open Ceramics 2021;7: 100146.

Ren B, Han Z, Liu J. Feasibility study of a novel magnetic bone cement for the treatment of bone metastases. Life 2022; 12:1342.

Yu X, Gao S, Wu D, Li Z, Mi Y, Yang T, Sun F, et al. Bone tumor suppression in rabbits by hyperthermia below the clinical safety limit using aligned magnetic bone cement. Small. 2022;18:2104626.

Miola M, Barberis F, Lagazzo A, Verne E. PMMA composite bone cement containing bioactive and ferrimagnetic glass-ceramic particles: effect of temperature and of the additional phase on some physical and mechanical properties. Ceramics International. 2023;49:24885-24894.

Hergt R, Dutz S. Magnetic particle hyperthermia-biophysical limitations of a visionary tumour therapy. J Magnetism and Magnetic Mater. 2007;311:187-192.

Dutz S, Hergt R. Magnetic nanoparticle heating and heat transfer on a microscale: Basic principles, realities and physical limitations of hyperthermia for tumour therapy. Inter J Hyperthermia. 2013;29: 790-800.

Hilger I. In vivo applications of magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia. Inter J Hyperthemia. 2013;29:828-834.

Dutz S, Hergt R. Magnetic particle hyperthermia-a promising tumour therapy? Nanotechnology. 2014:25: 452001.

Mahmoudi K, Bouras A, Bozec D, Ivkov R, Hadjipanayis C. Magnetic hyperthermia therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma: a review of the therapy’s history, efficacy and application in humans. Inter J Hyperthermia. 2018;34:1316-1328.

Lanier OL, Korotych OI, Monsalve AG, Wable D, Savliwala S, Grooms NWF, Nacea C. Evaluation of magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic fluid hyperthermia. Inter J Hyperthermia 2019; 36:686-700.

Rodrigues HF, Capistrano G, Bakuzis AF. In vivo magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia: A review on preclinical studies, low-field nano-heaters, noninvasive thermometry and computer simulations for treatment planning. Inter J Hyperthermia. 2020;37:76-99.

Skandalakis GP, Rivera DR, Rizea CD, Bouras A, Raj JGJ, Bozec D, Hadjipanayis CG. Hyperthermia treatment advances for brain tumors. J Hyperthermia 2020;37:3-19.

Dhar D, Ghosh S, Das S, Chatterjee J. A review of recent advances in magnetic nanoparticle-based theranostics of glioblastoma. Nanomed. 2022;17:107-132.

Foo CY, Munir N, Kumaria A, Akhtar Q, Bullock CJ, Narayanan A, Fu RZ. Medical advances in the treatment of glioblastoma. Cancers. 2022;14:5341.

Peiravi M, Eslami H, Ansari M, Zare-Zardini H. magnetic hyperthermia: potentials and limitations. J Indian Chem Soc. 2022;99:100269.

Tsiapla A-R, Kalimeri A-A, Maniotis N, Myrovali E, Samaras T, Angelakeris M, Kalogirou O. Mitigation of magnetic particle hyperthermia side effects by magnetic field controls. Inter J Hyperthermia 2021;38: 511-522.

Wlodarczyk A, Gorgon S, Radon A, Bajdak-Rusinek K. Magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic hyperthermia and cancer therapies: Challenges and perspectives. Nanomater. 2022;12:1807.

Farzanegan Z, Tahmasbi M. Evaluating the applications and effectiveness of magnetic nanoparticle-based hyperthermia for cancer treatment; a systematic review. Appl Radiation Isotopes. 2023;198:110873.

Zhu J, Wang J, Li Y. Recent advances in magnetic nanocarriers for tumor treatment. Biomed Pharmacotherapy 2023;159: 11427.

Montazersaheb P, Pishgahzadeh E, Jahani VB, Farazadi R, Montazersaheb S. Magnetic nanoparticle-based hyperthermia: a prospect in cancer stem tracking and therapy. Life Sci. 2023:323: 121714.

De Pasquale D, Pucci C, Desii A, Marino A, Debellis D, Leoncino L, Prato M, et al. A novel patient-personalized nanovector based on homotypic recognition and magnetic hyperthermia for an efficient treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Adv Healthcare Mater. 2023:2203120.

Rivera D, Schupper AJ, Bouras A, Anatasiadou M, Kleinberg L, Kraitchman DL, Attaluri A, et al. Neurosurgical applicatioins of magnetic hyperthermia therapy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2023;34: 269-283.

Vassallo M, Martella D, Barrera G, Celgato F, Coisson M, Ferrero R, Olivetti ES, et al.Improvement of hyperthermia properties of iron oxide nanoparticles by surface coating. ACS Omega. 2023;8:2143-2154.

Thiesen B, Jordan A. Clinical applications of magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia. 2008;24: 467-474.

Chang D, Lim M, Goos JACM, Qiao R, Ng YY, et al. Biologically targeted hyperthermia: Potential and limitations. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:831,

Le T-A, Hadadian Y, Yoon J. A prediction model for magnetic particle imaging-based magnetic hyperthermia applied to a brain tumor model. Comput Method Programs Biomed. 2023;235:107546.

Myrovali E, Papadopoulos K, Charalampous G, Kesapidou P, Vourlias G, Kehgias T, Angelakeris M, Wiedwald U. Toward the separation of different heating mechanisms in magnetic particle hyperthermia. ACS Omega. 2023;8:12955-12967.

American Cancer Society. Hyperthermia to treat cancer; 2020. Available:https:/www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/hyperthermi.html

Matsumine A, Kasuzaki K, Matsubara T, Shintani K, Satonaka H, Wekabayashi T, Miyazaki S, et al. Novel hyperthermia for metastatic bone tumors with magnetic materials by generating an alternating electromagnetic field. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2007;24:191-200.

Caizer C. Magnetic/superparamagnetic hyperthermia in clinical trials for noninvasive alternative cancer therapy, In: Cazier C and Rai M (editors), Magnetic Nanoparticles in Human Health and Medicine: Current Medical Applications and Alternative Therapy of Cancer; Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, USA; Chapter 18; 2021.

Zhu J, Wang J, Li Y. Recent advances in magnetic nanocarriers for tumor treatment. Biomed Pharmocotherapy. 2023;159: 114227.

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73:17-48.

Takegami K, Sano T, Wakabayashi H, Sonoda J, Yamazaki T, Morita S, Shibuya T, Uchida A. New ferromagnetic bone cement for local hyperthermia. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater). 1998;43:210-214.

Bretcanu O, Verne E, Coisson M, Tiberto P, Allia P. Temperature effect on the magnetic properties of the coprecipitation derived ferrimagnetic glass-ceramics. J Magnetism Magnetic Mater. 2006;300:412-417.

Bretcanu O, Verne E, Coisson M, Tiberto P, Allia P. Magnetic properties of properties of the ferrimagnetic glass-ceramics for hyperthermia. J Magnetism Magnetic Mater. 2006;305:529-533.

Linh PH, Fedotova J, Vorobyova S, Nguyen LH, et al. Correlation of phase composition, magnetic properties and hyperthermia efficiency of silica-coated FeCo nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. Mater Sci Eng B 2023;B 295:116571.

Burguera EF, Xu HHK, Sun L. Injectable calcium phosphate cement effects of powder-to-liquid ratio and needle size. J Biomed Mater res Part B: Appl Biomater. 2008;84:493-502.

ISO 5833. Implants for surgery-Acrylic bone cement. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; 2002.

ISO 23317. Implants for surgery-In vitro evaluation of apatite-forming ability of implant materials International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; 2014.

Kokubo T, Takadama H. How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bioactivity? Biomater. 2006;27;2907-2915.

Saleh H, Seaman LAK, Palmer WC. Proposed dietary recommendations for iron overload: A guide for physician practice. Curr Opinion in Gastroenterology. 2023;39:146-149.

ISO 10993-5. Biological evaluation of medical devices- Part 5: Tests for in vitro cytotoxicity. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; 2002.

Jang S, Kong W, Zeng H. Magnetotransport in Fe3O4 nanoparticle arrays dominated by noncollinear surface spins. Phy Rev B. 2007;76:212403.

Tadic M, Kralj S, Jagodic M, Hanzel D, Makovec D. Magnetic properties of novel superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoclusters and their peculiarity under annealing treatment. Appl Sur Sci. 2014:322:255-264.

Kralj S, Makovec D. Magnetic assembly of superparamagnetic iron nanoparticle clusters into nanochains and nanobundles. ACS Nano. 2015;10:9700-9707.

Makridis A, Chatzitheodorou I, Topouridou K, Yavrapoulou MP, Angelakeris M, Dendinou-Samara C. A facile microwave synthetic route for ferrite nanoparticles with direct impact in magnetic particle hyperthermia. Mater Sci Eng C. 2016:C 63:663-670.

Nemati Z, Das R, Alonso J, Clements E, Phan MH, Srikanth H. Iron oxide nanospheres and nanocubes for magnetic hyperthermia therapy: A comparative study. J Electronic Mater. 2017;46:3764-3769.

Suleman M, Riaz S. In silico study of hyperthermia treatment of liver cancer using core-shell CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles. J Magnetism Magnetic Materials. 2020;498:16643.

Jafaripour N, Omidvar H, Saber-Samandari S, Mohammadi R, et al. Synthesize and. Characterization of a novel cadmium selenide nanoparticle with iron precursor applicable in hyperthermia of cancer cells. Int J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2021;17:77-90.

Kurian J, Lahiri BB, Mathew MJ, Philip J. High magnetic field hyperthermia in copper ferrite nanoparticles prepared by solvothermal and hydrothermal methods. J Magnetism Magnetic Materials. 2021;538: 168233.

Zhao S, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Li X, Cai B, Li G. Synthesis and characterization of L0.75Sr0.25MnO3/calcium phosphate composite bone cement with enhanced hyperthermia safety and radiopacity foe bone tumor treatment. J Alloy Compound. 2021;888:161544.

Mohammad F. Al-Lohedan HA, Joshi PB, Obulapururam PK, Chavali M, Al-Balawi AN, Nikolova MP. Engineered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for externally controlled hyperthermia, drug delivery, and therapeutic toxicity. Precise Nanomed. 2022;5:930-949.

Rabi B, Ounacer M, Essoumbi A, Sajieddine M, Ferreira LP, Costa BFO. Heating efficiency of Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 Magnetic nanoparticles. J Alloy Compound 2023;167241.

Kim H, Im PW, Lee C, Hong H, Lee W, Koo C, Park SY, et al. In vitro magnetic hyperthermia properties of angle-shaped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by a bromide-assisted polyol method. RSC Adv 2023;13:3803-2810.

Vinodhini V, Chintagumpala K. Superparamagnetic hyperthermia and cytotoxicity properties of bimagnetic core-shell nanoparticles synthesized by solvothermal reflux method. J Magnetism Magnetic Materials. 2023;565:170290.

Qian-Jin S, Ming-Hong D, Hai-Chen C, Xin-Yao, Lu X-G. Preparation and thermogenic performance of monodisperse ferromagnetic/SiO2 nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia and thermal ablation. J Magnetism Magnetic Materials. 2023;565:170275.

Wagner DV, Kareva KV, Zhuravlev VA, Dotsenko OA, Minin R. Investigation of BaFe12O19 hexaferrites manufactured by various syntheses methods using a developed pulse magnetometer. Inventions 2023;8:26.

Rekha K, Vizhi RE. Exploring the structural, magnetic and magnetothermal properties of (CoFe2O4)x/(Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O3)1-x nanocomposite ferrites. Results in Physics. 2023;44:106139.

Jamir M, Borgohain C, Borah JP. Dipolar and anisotropy effect on dextran coated Cu doped ferrite for magnetic hyperthermia applications. J Magnetism Magnetic Materials. 2023;580:170917.

Hazarika KP, Borah JP. Role of site selective substitution, magnetic parameter tuning, and self-healing in magnetic hyperthermia application: Eu-doped magnetite nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 2023; 13:5045-5057.

Suthar M, Khlare D, Gangwar A, Baerjee S, Prasad NK, Dubey AK, Roy PK. Structural, magnetic, and biocompatibility evaluations of chromium substituted barium hexaferrite (Co2-Y) for hyperthermia application. Mater Chem Phys. 2023;296:127348.

Tsopoe SP, Borgohain C, Borah JP. An investigation of inverted core@shell nanostructure for efficacious magnetic hyperthermia applications. Phy Status Solidi A. 2023:220:2200801.

Mamun A, Sabantina L. Electrospun magnetic nanofiber mats for magnetic hyperthermia in cancer treatment applications-technology, mechanism, and materials. Polymers. 2023;15: 1902.

Muchenski F, Goncalves JP, Ribeiro YC, Franco CRC, de Oliveira CC, Marcon BH, Robert A, et al. Temperature influence on NiFeMo nanoparticles magnetic properties and their viability in biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res 2023; 111:1488-1498.

Shaw SK, Sharma A, Kailashiya J, Gupta SK, Meena SS, Dash D, Maiti P, Prasad NK. Mesoporous Fe3O4 nanoparticle: a prospective nano heat generator for thermos-therapeutic cancer treatment modality. J Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2023;578:170817.

Yu X, Yang T, Lv C, Wang L, Liu R, Wu D, Tian D, He S. Cation oxidation states and magnetic properties of MnxFe3-xO4 magnetic nanoparticles. J Alloy Compound. 2023;937:168291

Shrivastava N, Ospina C, Jacinto C, de Menezes AS, Muraca D, Javed Y, et al. Probing the optical and magnetic modality of multi core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2@-NaGdF4:RE3+(RE = Ce, Tb, Dy) nanoparticles. Optical Mater. 2023;137: 113585.

Choopannezhad S, Hassanzadeh-Tabrizi SA. Synthesis of CoFe¬2O4-CaCo3 nanocomposite for simultaneous magnetic hyperthermia and drug release applications. J Alloy Compound. 2023;960: 170636.

Piro NS, Hamad SM, Mohammed AS, Barzinjy AA. Green synthesis magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles from Rhus coriaria extract: a characteristic comparison with a conventional chemical method. IEEE Trans on Nanobioscience. 2023;22:308-317.

Lohrasbi S, Kouhbanani N, Beheshtkhoo N, Ghasemi Y, Amani AM, Taghizadeh S. Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using Plantago major leaf extract and their application as a catalyst for the decolorization of azo dye. Bio Nano Science. 2019;9:317-322.

Naik MM, Vinuth M, Kumar VU, Hemakumar KH, Preethi G, Kumar MP, Nagaraju G. A facile green synthesis of nickel ferrite nanoparticles using Tamarindus Indica seeds for magnetic and photocatalytic studies. Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering. 2023;8:143-151.

Garcia DG, Garzon-Romero C, Salazar MA, Lagos KJ, Campana KO, Debut A, et al. Bioinspired synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles based on iron oxides using orange waste and their application as photo-activated antibacterial agents. Inter J Molecular Sci. 2023;24:4770.

Ali I, Jamil Y, Khan SA, Pan Y, Shah AA, Chandio AD, et al. Magnetic hyperthermia and antibacterial response of CuCo2O4 nanoparticles synthesized through laser ablation of bulk alloy. Magnetochemistry. 2023;9:68.

Gavilian H, Rizzo GMR, Silvestri N, Mai BT, Pellegrino T. Scale-up approach for the preparation of magnetic ferrite nanocubes and other shapes with benchmark performance for magnetic hyperthermia applications. Nature Protocols. 2023;18: 783-809.

Adam A, Mertz D. Iron oxide@mesoporous silica core-shell nanoparticles as multimodal platforms for magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic hyperthermia, near-infrared light photothermia, and drug delivery. Nanomater. 2023;13:1342.

Nunes MS, da Silva LM, Carrico AS, Morales MA, de Araujo JH. Novel synthesis and physical properties of CoFe2O4@CoF2 core@shell nanostructures. Ceramics International. 2023;49:24877-24884.

Somvanshi SB, Jadhav SA, Gawali SS, Zakde K, Jadhav KM. Core-shell superparamagnetic Zn-Mg ferrite nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia applications. J Alloy Compound. 2023;947: 169574.

Nain S, Kumar N, Chudasama B, Avti PK. The SLP estimation of the nanoparticle systems using size-dependent magnetic properties for the magnetic hyperthermia therapy. J Magnetism Magnetic Materials. 2023;565:170219.

Lv Y, Li A, Zhou F, Pan X, Liang F, Qu X, et al. A novel composite PMMA-based bone cement with reduced potential for thermal necrosis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015;7:11280-11285.

Ayre WN, Scully N, Elford C, Evans BAJ, Rowe W, Rowlands J, et al. Alternative radiopacifiers for polymethyl methacrylate bone cements: silane-treated anatase titanium dioxide and yttria-stabilised zirconium dioxide. J Biomater Appl. 2021;35:1235-1252.

Xu T-G, Liu D-C, Wang Y, Chen S, Lai B, Zhang F, he J-H. Tungsten carbide-enhanced radiopaque and biocompatible PMMA bone cement and its application in vertebroplasty. Composites Communications. 2023;40:101615.

Tan Q-C, Jiang X-S, Chen L, Huang J-F, Zhou Q-X, Wang J, et al. Bioactive graphene oxide-functionalized self-expandable hydrophilic and osteogenic nanocomposite for orthopaedic applications. Mater Today. 2023;18: 100500.

Zheng Z, Chen S, Liu X, Wang Y, Bian Y, Feng B, et al. A bioactive polymethylmethacrylate bone cement for prosthesis fixation in osteoporotic hip replacement surgery. Mater Des. 2021; 209:109966.

Sain-Ruiz P, Carbo-Laso E, Del Real-Romero JC, Aran-Ais F, Ballesteros-Iglesias Y, Paz-Jimenez E, et al. Microencapsulation of rifampicin: A technique to preserve the mechanical properties of bone cement. J Orthop Res. 2018;36:459-466.

Zbornikova E, Gallo J, Vecerova R, Bogdanova K, Kolar M, Vitovska D, et al. Evaluation of second-generation lipophosphonoxins as antimicrobial additives in bone cement. ACS Omega. 2020;5:3165-3171.

Ghosh S, Sinha M, Samanta R, Sadhasivam S, Bhattacharyya A, Nandy A, et al. A potent antibiotic-loaded bone-cement implant against staphylococcal bone infections. Nature Biomed Eng. 2022;6:1180-1195.

Lewis G. Antibiotic-free antimicrobial poly (methyl methacrylate) bone cements: A state-of-the-art review. World J Orthop. 2022;13:339-353.

ASTM F451. Standard specification for acrylic bone cement. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2021.

Liu NN, Pyatakov AP, Salesky AM, Zharkov MN, Pyataev NA, et al. The “field or frequency” dilemma in magnetic hyperthermia: the case of Zn-Mn ferrite nanoparticles. J Magnetism Magnetic Mater. 2022;555:169379.

Lemmie OM, Algessair S, Madkhali N, et al. Assessing the heat generation and self-heating mechanism of superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia application: the effects of concentration, frequency, and magnetic field. Nanomaterials. 2023;13: 453.

Lewis MA, Staruch RM, Chopra R. Thermometry and ablation monitoring with ultrasound. Int H Hyperthermia. 2015;31: 163-181.

Kuwahata A, Adachi Y, Yabukami S. Ultra-short pulse magnetic fields on effective magnetic hyperthermia for cancer therapy. AIP Advances. 2023;13:025145.

Kuwahata A, Hirota R, Sukhbaatar A. Wireless temperature monitoring by using magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications on magnetic hyperthermia treatment. AIP Advances. 2023;13:025142.

Sharma A, Jangam AA, Shen JLY, Ahmad A, Arepally N, Carlton H, et al. Design of a temperature-feedback controlled automated magnetic hyperthermia therapy device. Front Therm Eng. 2023;3.

DOI:10.3389/fther.2023.1131262.

Sharma A, Jangam AA, Shen JLY, Ahmad A, Arepally N, Rodriguez B, et al. Validation of a temperature-feedback controlled automated magnetic hyperthermia therapy device. Cancers. 2023;15:327.

Wei D, Dave R, Pfeffer R. Mixing and characterization of nanosized powders: an assessment of different techniques. J Nanoparticle Research. 2002;4:21-41.

Atkinson WJ, Brezovich IA, Chakraborty DP. Usable frequencies in hyperthermia with thermal seeds. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1984;BME-31:70-75.

Kozissnik B, Bohorquez AC, Dobson J, Rinaldi C. Magnetic fluid hyperthermia: advances, challenges, and opportunity. Int J Hyperthermia. 2013;29:706-714.

Fuertes V, Gregoire N, Labranche P, Gagnon S, Hamada, N Bellanger B, et al. Cubic-shaped and rod-shaped YPO4 nanocrystal-doped optical fibers: implications for next generation of fiber lasers. App NanoMater. 2023;6:4337- 4348.

Stroppa DG, Meffert M, Hoermann C, Zambon P, Bachevskaya D, Remigy H, et al. From STEM to 4D STEM: Ultrafast diffraction mapping with a hybrid-pixel detector. Microscopy Today. 2023:31:10-14.

Maier-Hauff K, Ulrich F, Nestler D, Niehoff H, Wust P, Thiesen B. Efficacy and safety of intratumoral thermotherapy using magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles combined with external beam radiotherapy on patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol. 2011;103:317-324.

AG, European CE Certificate (“European Certification”) and, thus, official approval of NanoTherm®Therapy for the treatment of brain tumors; 2011.

Available:https://www.magforce.com/en/home/for_patients

Wu LC, Zhang Y, Steinberg G, Qu H, Huang S, Cheng M, et al. A review of magnetic particle imaging and perspectives on neuroimaging. Am J Neuroradiol. 2019;40:206-212.

Healy S, Bakuzis AF, Goodwill PW, Attaluri A, Bulte JWM, Ivkov R. Clinical magnetic hyperthermia requires integrated magnetic particle imaging. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2022;14:e1779.

Li Y, Hui H, Zhang P, Zhong J, Yin J, Zhang H, et al. Modified Jiles-Atherton model for dynamic magnetization in x-space magnetic particle imaging. 2023;70:2035-2045.